Exam Techniques: How to Answer Aptitude (SAT) Questions: Grade 12 Entrance Exam Questions

Exam Techniques: How to Answer Aptitude (SAT) Questions: with Grade 12 Entrance Exam Questions  

Overview 

• Dear students, in this material, I am going to show 'How to Answer Aptitude (SAT) Questions' in 3 Languages (English, Afan Oromo and Amharic)!
• If you read it carefully and use it effectively, I am sure, you will be more successful than you expect!

This material has three main sections with various sub-sections: 

1. Basic Concepts

Dear students, in this material, I am going to show 'Exam Techniques': How to Answer Aptitude (SAT) Questions, specifically, 'logical and analytical reasoning' questions (Grade 12 Entrance: Ethiopia). But, first, let me give some background information/basic concepts focusing on 2 points:

• SAT in Ethiopia
• Logical and analytical reasoning' questions.

Notice: 

I am going to gieve these basic concepts based on my (Million Abebe) 16 years Grade 12: Entrance Exam Questions (2002-2017EC/2010-2025) data analysis and also my day-to-day experience (as teacher)!

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1.1. Information about Aptitude Exam (SAT) in Ethiopia: 4 Specific Issues

Here, I am going to give some basic information about SAT in Ethiopia on 4 specific issues. 

• Part of Entrance: SAT has been part of Grade 12 Entrance Exam in Ethiopia. 
• Scholastic Aptitude Test is one part of Grade 12 University Entrance/National Exam in Ethiopia.
• It has been given on Grade 12 National Exam (Entrance) in Ethiopia for more than 16 years, as independent subject.
• Two parts: The exam has two common parts: 
• Mathematics: Quantitative Reasoning Questions (25/60: 42%)
• English: Verbal Reasoning Questions (35/60: 58%: more)
• The number of 'verbal reasoning questions' greater than quantitative reasoning question (look 58% to 42%)!
• Poorest Marks/Results: The poorest mark of most students (taking SAT: G-12: Entrance: Ethiopia) is that of SAT!
• Most students (even top students) score the poorest mark on SAT (based on my survey and also day-to-day experience)!
• Anyone can prove this analyzing students' marks, even that of top students!
• There are a lot of supportive education materials that deal with how to answer SAT questions. But the problem still exists: students are still scoring poor marks on SAT (G-12 Entrance)!
• 11 Focus Areas (English Part): The fourth specific issue is focus areas of SAT!
• The focus areas, here, refer to Grade 12 Entrance Exam SAT Questions (English Part). 
• The next 11 areas are among the most common focus areas: 

Table Showing Focus Areas

Note: 

• Some topics/areas appear on Entrance Exams constantly (e.g.1-5) but some may not appear on Entrance Exams constantly (e.g. 6-11)! 
• This material generally, focuses on English Part (Verbal Reasoning Questions), specifically, 'logical and analytical reasoning questions'. 
• Use this material effectively: Please, read this material and use the techniques and tips effectively. This and other materials (by Million Abebe) have carefully been designed to solve or at least to minimize the above mentioned problem. 
• If you read them carefully and use them effectively, I am sure, you will be more successful than you expect!

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1.2. Basic Concepts Related Logical and Analytical Reasoning Questions: 2 General Issues 

This sub-section deals with some basic concepts, specifically, related to 'logical and analytical reasoning' questions and more specifically, those related to Grade 12 Entrance (SAT) questions! The brief summary of these basic concepts have been organized and presented under two general categories/issues:

• Basic Concepts/Terms Related to 'Logical and Analytical Reasoning' Questions 
• Nature of Questions 

A. Common Terms/Concepts: Short Summary 

Here, I am going to present some basic concepts/terms,  generally, related to logical thinking/critical thinking, specifically, 'logical and analytical reasoning' questions. But before that, read the next 3 key points:

• Skill of the Century: Logical thinking/critical thinking (logical and analytical reasoning) skill is one of the most important soft skills of 21st century! 
• Develop this skill: You should develop/have this skill (logical and analytical reasoning) not only for SAT (exam), but also for your day-to-day life. 
• Reasonable person: If you have 'logical thinking/critical thinking skill', you will be able to react to problem/ information/idea reasonably! This means:
• You will not react to problem/ information/idea blindly!
• You will be able to see information/ idea/problem from various angles evaluate (compare and contrast); make reasonable decision/conclusion or solve problems in reasonable way!

xxxx

Dear students, the next explanations are very short summary if you want additional explanations, see under 'Appendix Section, at the end'!

The following concepts/terms are the most common concepts/terms that could appear on G-12 Entrance: Aptitude: Logical and Analytical Reasoning!

• Logical reasoning: process of making conclusion based on evidence/premises.   
• Analytical reasoning: process of making conclusion by breaking down complex information, evaluating them, and drawing conclusions.
• Statement: A sentence that expresses facts or information/opinions to draw conclusion.
• Premise: Statements/evidence to be used to make conclusion. 
• Proposition: A statement that expresses a judgment or opinion, which can be true or false.  
• Conclusion: An inference drawn from statements or premises.
• Valid conclusion: if it goes with the given premise/ premises. 
• True conclusion: if it is valid & the given premise/ premises are true.
• Sound conclusion: if it is valid and true.
• Argument: statements arranged logically to prove something.
• Scenario: A description/hypothetical of possible future actions or events.
• Syllogism logic: A form of deductive reasoning with two premises and a conclusion. Example: Some X are Y.
• Assumption: we assume/take something to do make argument. 

Note-1: No Direct Question!

• Dear students, take care, you are not going to be asked these terms/concepts on SAT directly! 
• They are used to test your 'reading comprehension' and 'critical thinking skills' in a specific, evidence-based context!

Note-2: Brief Explanations!

• If you want additional explanations on the above mentioned terms/concepts, see under 'Appendix Section, at the end'!

***

Key message of the day!

• Dear students, be logical/reasonable not only for your SAT exam but also for your day-to-day life!
• Read the short story at the end (in English, Afan Oromo and Amharic)!

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B. Nature of the Questions: 3 categories

Dear students, so that you will be able to adjust your preparation for logical and analytical reasoning questions (in SAT), I have briefly summarized some common natures of these questions under 3 specific categories!

• Purpose: Assessing critical thinking
• The main purpose of the questions is to assess students' ability in critical thinking: reading and evaluating the given text/writing critically, and then, making logical conclusion based on the given evidence! 
• Most covered, repeated and difficult: Logical and analytical reasoning questions are among the most covered, repeated and difficult questions on Grade 12 Entrance Exams (Ethiopia).
• They are the most covered areas: majority of the questions (on Grade 12 Entrance Exams: Ethiopia) are logical and analytical reasoning questions (look the above table: the first)!
• They are the most repeated area: they appear regularly/yearly.  (look the above table: 5-12 yearly)!
• They are the most difficult questions in Grade 12 Entrance Exams: most students miss most of these questions!
• Recommendations give More attention 
• Not whole year and also direct questions: Unlike to other topics/subjects, to answer 'logical and analytical reasoning' questions (in SAT), you don't need whole year preparation; moreover, they (the questions) are not direct questions. There are three key reasons for these: 
• No rules: there are no rules/theories that you should study and memorize the whole year! 
• Text-based questions: Most of the questions are text-based questions. 
• They are asked based on giving texts such as 'group of letters (that could form word/meaning...), sentences, paragraph, statements, premises, conclusions (valid or invalid), argument, syllogism logic, scenarios, assumptions...'!
• Indirectly: You aren't asked directly what has been mentioned in the given text/context. You are asked what has been mentioned indirectly or possible conclusion that could be drawn based on the given information.

2.1. Context + Elimination Technique: (English Version)

Dear students, you can answer Aptitude (SAT) question about logical and analytical reasoning by using "Context + Elimination Technique"! 

Proved: I have practically proved that most of these questions (more than 95%) can be answered by this technique! Anyone can prove this by reading the explanations under 'application' section (of this material), 'explanations materials' and also using the technique!

2.1. Brief Descriptions of the Technique

A. Meaning: 

"Context + Elimination Technique" is the process of carefully understanding the given context based on clues/reasons, and then, eliminating all wrong choices using your clues/reasons. Finally, you will be able to get correct answer upon which to be 100% sure, after understanding the given context and eliminating all wrong choices! 

B. Steps: 

As repeatedly said, generally, most SAT questions and more specifically, question about 'logical and analytical reasoning' can be answered by using  'context + elimination technique'! 

To use this technique, follow the next two simple but powerful steps: understanding context & eliminating wrong choices:

• Understanding the given context: 
• Logical and analytical reasoning questions are asked by giving context (sentence/sentences/ paragraph...)!
• You have to understand giving context before running to choose correct answer; first, read the given context (sentence/sentences/ paragraph...) carefully and understand it!
• Concrete clues/reasons: You have to have concrete clues/reasons that enable you to understand giving context and also to be used to eliminate all wrong choices!
• Eliminating all wrong choices: After understanding the given context, eliminate all the wrong choices by taking each and cross-checking with the given text/context. This means, take each choice; cross-check it with the given context: 
• If it can't/doesn't go with the given context, eliminate it.
• Do the same until you will get the choice that can go with the given context. 

Note: Finally, you will be able to get correct answer upon which you can be 100% sure! 

This means, if you understand the given context and eliminate all wrong choices by cross-checking with the the given context, you will be left with the correct answer upon which you can be 100% sure!

C. Advantages

"Context + Elimination Technique" is general exam technique that could work:

• For others: Not only for question about 'logical and analytical reasoning' but also for other topics (reading passage, word substitutions... in SAT and English Exams) and even other subjects.
• For any student: Anyone can use this technique!

2.2. Application of the Technique 

Let's see how to answer the next questions and also other related questions by using 'context + elimination technique': simply by reading and understanding the given 'context' carefully; then, 'eliminating' all wrong choices. Finally (after understanding context & eliminating all wrong choices), you will be able to get correct answer upon which you can be 100% sure! 

Attention Please

• The explanations are presented in two ways: 
• 'Brief Explanation'
• 'Detail Explanation' to show students how to apply the technique! 
• Don't think that this technique is too long; detail explanations are given to show students how to apply the technique!
• After mastering the technique, you will be able to answer any question in one/two simple steps!

Q. Which two statements prove that "Senait is a child"? (G-12: Entrance: 2012)

A. Senait lives with her parents. 

B. Senait is the little sister of Bekele.

C. Bekele has just turned 13.

D. Bekele is still in school. 

A. B and D   B. B and C    C. C and D    D. A and C

Explanation-1

Brief Explanation

In the above question, look statements A and D are "invalid statements" because they don't show that 'Senait is child'. So, eliminate all the choices that contain these two "invalid statements" (A and D)! For this reason, choices A, C and D must be eliminated! 100% sure C is correct answer!

Ans. B

Detail Explanation

Dear students, the above question is 'statement-based' question. The question asks to choose the two statements that show ''Senait is child/younger'' by giving 4 different statements (A-D) that are followed by 4 choices. Each choice contains pair of letters that refer to the given statements. 

This ('statement-related question') is one of the ways in which 'logical and analytical reasoning questions' could be asked (in SAT). 

Dear students, whenever you are asked this type of questions ('statement-related question'), read and understand each statement; check their validity (whether it goes with the question or not). Then, eliminate all the choices that contain invalid statements (which don't go with the given question).

• For example, look statements A and D are invalid: they are 'invalid statements': they have nothing to do with the given question. 
• Because the question says 'Which two statements prove that Senait is a child?'. 
• But statements A and D don't show that 'Senait is child (younger)'! 
• Living with parent (statement A) and being in school/student  (statement D) don't show that 'Senait is child'! 
• Go to the given choices and eliminate all the choices that contain both statements A and D or one of these two invalid  statements. 
• Finally, you will be left with the correct answer upon which you can be 100% sure!

Look choices A, C and D must be eliminated: correct answer is B! 

• Because they contain one/both of these two invalid statements (A and D). 
• Choices A and C are wrong because they contain one of the two invalid statements (statement D). 
• Choice D is wrong because it contains both invalid statements (A and D).

Ans. B

Tip-1: Using invalid statements/ conclusion/ premises...

In the above question, you are asked for "valid statements" or statements that support a given "Senait is child"!

Whenever you asked this type of questions (for valid statements or statements that support a given), you can use ''invalid statements as clues"! 

• First, look for/identify invalid statements; then, go to the given choices and eliminate all the choices that contain invalid statements! 
• In future, do these whenever you are asked this type of questions! 
• Finally, you will be left with correct answer upon which you can be 100% sure!
• This could work not only for 'invalid statement' but also for 'invalid conclusion/premises/ scenario...'.  
• If a given conclusion/premise/scenario is invalid, the choice/all the choices that contain 'invalid conclusion/ premises/ scenario... are wrong; they should be eliminated.
• For example, look the next question; statements A and B are invalid statements! 
• They don't show that Eleni is a doctor. 
• Using these invalid statements as clues, choices A, C and D must be eliminated: correct answer is B!

Note:

• 'Invalid statement/conclusion...' means, it doesn't support the given idea/doesn't go with the given question!
• Dear students, in future, you could use 'invalid statements/ conclusions/ premises/scenario...' as a clue and eliminate unrelated choices, and get correct answers in one/two steps! 
• Or you could minimize the numbers of choices! 

Q. Which two statements prove that Eleni is a doctor? (G-12: Entrance: 2012)

A. Eleni loves people.

B. Eleni's father is teacher.

C. Eleni's brother is a doctor.

D. Eleni has the same job as her brother.

A. B and C        B. A and C     C. C and D    D. A and D

Explanation-2

Dear students, again, let's see how to answer this and other related questions by applying 'context + elimination techniques': reading and understanding the given context; then, eliminating unrelated choices. 

Brief Explanation 

The above question can be answered in one /two simple steps, using the two given invalid statements (A and B). Look statements A and B are invalid statements! They don't show that Eleni is a doctor.  As a result, choices A, B and D must be eliminated: correct answer is C. Because at least one of the pair of statements that they (Choices A, B and D) contain is invalid statement. 

For example, look the first statements of each of these 3 choices (statements B, A & A: look red color)! 

A. B and C        B. A and C     

C. C and D        D. A and D

Ans. C

Note: If you like to see detail explanation on how to answer the above question and other related by applying 'context + elimination technique', read the next 'detail explanation'!

Detail Explanation

Look the above question; you are asked 'statement related' question; specifically, the question asks you to identify two statements that could prove 'Eleni is a doctor'. 

The question is followed by lists of statements and choices that contain pair of statements (letters showing statements). 

• Dear students, when you are asked this type of question, to understand the given context, first, evaluate the validity of the given 4 statements. That means, check/evaluate each statement whether it goes with the given question or not. 
• For example, look statements A and B are invalid statements. 
• Because statement A 'Eleni loves people.' doesn't have any relation with being doctor. 
• Statement B 'Eleni's father is teacher.' also has nothing to do with 'being doctor'. 
• If statements A and B are invalid statements, all the choices that contain one/both of these two statements (letters A and B) are wrong. 
• Based on this, look all the choices that contain one/both of these two statements (letters A and B), and eliminate them. 
• Therefore, all the given choices must be eliminated except C.

Ans. C

Q. If you present a red pass, then you may enter the compound. If the statement above is true, which of the following must also be true? (G-12: Entrance: 2007)

I. If you do not present a red pass, then you may not enter the compound.

II. If you may enter the compound, then you must have presented a red pass.

III. If you may not enter the compound, then you did not present a red pass.

A. I only         

B. II only       

C. I and II only    

D. II and III only

Explanation-3

This question is statement-related question. Look, first, you are given a statement ("If you present a red pass, then you may enter the compound."). Then, you are asked to choose valid statement (which can go with the first statement) among the 3 given statements (statements I, II and III). 

• Whenever you are asked this type of question, first, evaluate the validity of each given statement, then eliminate all the choices that contain invalid statement/statements. 
• Finally, (as I repeatedly say), you will be left with the correct upon which you can be 100% sure! 

The above question can be answered using the conjunction 'then' as a clue.  

• The conjunction 'then' is used to join two or events/actions that happen one after another (in order). 
• There must be at least one event/action before the conjunction 'then': 'then' is followed by second/third... event/action. 

Look in the above given statement; there are two events/actions: "presenting a red pass" and "entering the compound". 

• Presenting a red pass is the 'first' action and entering the compound is the 'second' action. 
• Based on these, statements II & III are invalid statements. Because, look the order of events/actions, on both statements (II & III), 'then' is followed by first action 'presenting a red pass'. 
• Therefore, eliminate choices B, C and D. 
• Choice B contains one of the two invalid statements (statement II). 
• Indirectly, if choice B is wrong, choices C and D should also be wrong because both choices contain one of the two invalid statements (statement II).
• Moreover, choice D contains both two invalid statements (statements II & III).

A. I only          

B. II only        

C. I and II only    

D. II and III only

Ans. A

Q. Aki is Bali’s sister. Yaya is Bali’s mother. Lema is Yaya’s father. Gette is Lema’s mother. Then how is Aki related to Lema? (G-12: Entrance: 2017/2025)

A. daughter  

B. grandson  

C. granddaughter  

D. grandmother

Explanation-4

Brief Explanation 

This question is "paragraph-based" question: you are given a paragraph that talks about the relationship among a given family. Then, you are asked what could be the relationship between Aki and Lema. 

Read and understand each idea!  

• Look it says "Lema is Yaya’s father" (see sentence-3). 
• This means, 'Lema is Aki’s grandfather' because 'Yaya is Bali’s mother' means, indirectly 'Yaya is Aki’s mother' (clue:  'Aki is Bali’s sister; see sentence-1). 
• Lema is Aki’s grandfather: Aki is granddaughter! 

Ans. C

Detail Explanation 

Dear students, the above question is "paragraph-based" question; this is another way in which 'logical and analytical reasoning questions' (in SAT) are asked. The above and other related questions can be answered by using 'context + elimination technique'!

Whenever you are asked this type of questions, to understand the given context (the given paragraph):

• Breakdown into smaller parts/ideas.
• Then, evaluate them (see the relationship among the given ideas/things). 
• Do these by writing each specific idea on a piece of paper just like calculation.
• After that (after breakingdown and evaluating each idea), eliminate all wrong choices.
• Finally, you will be left with correct answer upon which you could be 100% sure! 
• For example, in the above paragraph, 4 ideas that show the relationship among a given family are given. 
• Then, you are asked the relationship between Aki and Lema ("Then how is Aki related to Lema."; see sentence-5).
• 'Aki is Bali’s sister' means, 'Aki is female'; so, eliminate choice B 'grandson'!
• 'Yaya is Bali’s mother' means, 'Yaya is Aki’s mother too'. 
• 'Lema is Yaya’s father' means, 'Lema is Aki’s grandfather'.
• If 'Lema is Yaya’s father' and 'Yaya is Aki’s mother', 'Lema is Aki’s grandfather'! 
• If 'Lema is Aki’s grandfather', 'Aki must be granddaughter of Lema'!

Based on these, choices A, B and D are wrong: they should be eliminated: C is correct answer!

• Choice A (daughter) is wrong because Aki is not the daughter of Lema: Aki is the daughter of Yaya: Lema's daughter is Yaya. 
• Choice B (grandson) is wrong because Aki is female (see sentence-1: 'sister of Bali): Aki is not male! 
• Choice D (grandmother) is wrong because Aki can't be grandmother of Lema (WHY?)!

Ans. C

Q. Tamrat's train never bothered him because there were always seats available on it, and he was able to spend his time on the train comfortably reading the newspaper or playing games on his mobile phone. Ever since the train schedule changed, the train has been extremely crowded, and by the time the doors open at his station, there isn't a seat to be found. (G-12: Entrance: 2014)

A. Tamrat will likely look for a new job closer to home.  

B. A traveler who uses the train will complain about the new schedule.  

C. Tamrat's train is less comfortable since the train schedule changed.  

D. Tamrat would be better off taking the bus to work instead of the train. 

Explanation-5

Let's see how answer this and other related questions using using Context + Elimination Techniques 

• Choices A, B & D are wrong; they must be eliminate: they are invalid conclusion!
• Choices A is wrong; nothing has been said (directly or indirectly) about ''looking for new job" in this text.
• Choices B is also wrong; although the given text talks about 'new schedule', nothing has been said (directly or indirectly) about "complaints of traveler" in this text.
• Choices D is wrong; the above text talks about 'Tamrat' but nothing has been said (directly or indirectly) about ''taking bus" in this text.
• 100% sure that choices A, B & D are wrong and they are eliminated; this means, we can be 100% sure that choice C is correct answer: "Tamrat's train is less comfortable..."!

Ans. C

2.2. 'Context+ Elimination Technique': Afan Oromo Version 

1. Ibsa Gabaaba

Kabajamoo barattoota, gaaffiilee 'logical and analytical reasoning'  tooftaa 'Context+ Elimination Technique' je'u fayyadamuun karaa salphaatti deebisuun ni danda'ama!

• Toofticha fayyadamuuf, 'steps' lama qofa keessa darbuun, deebii parsantii 100 itti amannuu argachuu/laachuu ni dandeenya!
• Kennama Hubachuu (Understanding Context): Kennama kee sirritti dubbiisii, hubadhu: Kennama jechuun, 'barreeffama' (hima, keeyyata, jechoota...), 'gaafichi maal akka ta'e/ maal akka gaafatame', 'filannoowwan'...  
• Dhaamsuu (Elimination): Filannoowwan deebii sirrii ta'uu hin dandeenye hunda barbaadi dhaamsi, ragaa/eertuu irratti hundaa'uun.
• Toofticha kana sirritti hubattanii, yoo itti fayyadamtan, faayidaalee baay'ee argachuu dandeessu! Faayidaalee ijoo tooftichaa keessaa isaan muraasnii kanneen itti aanan kana
• Hundaafuu kan hojjetuudha: Tooftichii kun barataa hundaafuu kan hojjetuudha! Tooftichii mata dureewwan akkasumaas gosa barnootaa  birootiifillee kan hojjetudha!
• Parsantii 100 (100% sure): Toofticha kana sirritti hubattanii, yoo itti fayyadamtan, deebii parsantii 100 itti amantan...

2. Fakkeenya (Application)

Kabajamoo barattoota, akka olitti ibsameetti tooftaa qormaataa "Context+ Elimination Technique"tti fayyadamnee, gaaffiilee 'logical and analytical reasoning' maraawuu karaa salphaatti deebisuun ni danda'ama! 

• Kutaa kana (fakkeenya) kana keessatti toofticha akkamitti hojii irra olchuun akka danda'amuun isiin garsiisa!
• Sirritti dubbiisaa; fuula dura ittis fayyadamaa!

Q. Which two statements prove that "Senait is a child"? (G-12: Entrance: 2012)

A. Senait lives with her parents. 

B. Senait is the little sister of Bekele.

C. Bekele has just turned 13.

D. Bekele is still in school. 

A. B and D                   B. B and C           

C. C and D                    D. A and C

Ibsa-1

Gaaffii kanaa fi kanaan walqabatan tooftaa qormaataa olitti ibsame ('context + elimination technique) fayyadamuun karaa salphatti parsantii 100 'sure' taanee, deebisuu ni dandeenya!

Kennama kee sirritti hubadhu; kana irratti hundaa'uun, filannoowwan deebii sirrii ta'uu hin dandeenye hundaa dhaamsi! 

Gaaffiin armaan olii kun gaaffii 'statement-related' jedhamuudha ykn himootaan wal qabatuudha! Kun karaalee gaaffiin 'logical and analytical reasoning' ittiin gaafataman keessaa isa tokko.

Gaafficha, himootaa (statements) fi filannoowwan kennaman ilaali!

• "Himoota (statements) kennaman keessaa himoota lama kanneen 'Sannaayit daa'ima ta'uu isii agarsiisan' filadhu!" je'a gaaffichi kun.
• Himoota 4 (statements A-D) kenname.
• Filannoowwan 4 tokko tokkoon isaanii qubee cimdii himootaa kan qabaniituu kenname. 

Yeroo maraawuu, yeroo gaaffiilee akkanaa gaafatamtan, dura himoota (statements) kennaman sirriitti dubbiisaa, hubadhaa! 

• Isaan keessaa kan sirrii hin ta'in/himoota dogongoraa (invalid statements) "kan gaafficha kennamee wajjiin hin deemne" adda baafadhaa! 
• Kana booda filannoowwan himoota 'invalid' ta'an of keessaa qaban hunda dhaamsi (eliminate).
• Dhumarratti deebii sirrii parsantii 100 itti amantu ('sure') argatta!

Fakkeenyaaf himoota A fi D (statements A & D) ilaali; himoota dogongoraati (invalid statements). 

• Sababniis 'Sannaayit daa'ima ta'uu isii hin agarsiisan'! 
• Maatii wajjiin jiraachuu (A) fi ammallee barachaa jiraachuun (D) 'Sannaayit daa'ima ta'uu isii hin agarsiisan'! 
• Filannoowwan himoota kanneen of keessaa qaban hundaa dhaamsi.
• Kanaafuu, filannoowwan hundi ni dhaamu filannoo B malee: B'n sirriidha.
• Filannoon 'A fi C'n, hima dogongoraa (invalid statement) D of keessaa qaban!
• Filannoon D'n, hima dogongoraa (invalid statement) A of keessaa qaba!

A. B and D                   B. B and C           

C. C and D                    D. A and C

Deebii B

Q. Which two statements prove that Eleni is a doctor? (G-12: Entrance: 2012)

A. Eleni loves people.

B. Eleni's father is teacher.

C. Eleni's brother is a doctor.

D. Eleni has the same job as her brother.

A. B and C        B. A and C     C. C and D    D. A and D

Ibsa-2

Gaaffiichi kun gaaffii darbe wajjiin wal fakkaata. Himoota afran kennaman keessaa himoota lama kan ''Eleeniin doktara ta'uu isii agarsiisuu filadhu'' je'a. 

• Himoota A fi B ilaali; himoota dogongoraati (invalid statements); filannoowwan himoota dogongoraa kanneen of keessaa qaban hunda dhaamsi. 
• Kanaafuu, filannoowwan A, B fi D ni dhaaman 'nama jaalachuu' fi 'abbaan barsiisaa' ta'uun Eleeniin doktara ta'uu isii hin agarsiisuu. 

Deebii C

2.3. Context+ Elimination Technique: Amharic Version

1. አጭር ገለፃ

ውድ ተማሪዎች የ'logical and analytical reasoning' ጥያቄዎችን 'Context+ Elimination Technique' የሚለውን የፈተና ቴክኒክ ተጠቅማችሁ፣ 100% እርግጠኛ ሆናችሁ፣ መልስ መስጠት/መመለስ ትችላላችሁ!

• ይሄን የፈተና ቴክኒክ ለመጠቀም ቀጥሎ ያሉትን ቀላል 2 እስቴፖች ውስጥ ብቻ ማለፍ ይጠበቃል!
• የተሰጠውን 'Context' በትክክል መረዳት: የተሰጣችሁን 'Context'/ዕሁፍ (ፊደሎች/ቃላት/አረፍተ ነገሮች/አንቀጾች...), የተሰጣችሁን ምርጫዎች፣ የተጠየቃችሁትን ጥያቄ... በጥንቃቄ አንብባችሁ ተረዱ!
• ማጥፋት (Elimination): በጥያቄው/በፍንጭህ (based on the question/your clue) መልስ ሊሆኑ የማይችሉትን ምርጫዎች ብቻ ፈልጋችሁ አጥፉ ('eliminate' አድርጉ)! 
• መጨረሻ ላይ 100% እርግጠኛ ልትሆኑበት የምትችሉትን መልስ ታገኛላችሁ!
• ይሄ የፈተና ቴክኒክ በርካታ ጠቀሜታዎች አሉት። ከነዚህ ውስጥ ቀጥለው ያሉት ሁለቱ ቁልፍ ጠቀሜታዎች ጥቂቶቹ ናቸው:
• ለሁሉም ይሰራል: ይሄ የፈተና ቴክኒክ ለማንኛውም ተማሪ (ቴክኒኩን በትክክል ተረድቶ ለተጠቀመ) ይሰራል። ለሌሎች ርዕሶች ና የትምህርት አይነቶችም ይሰራል።
• 100% እርግጠኝነት: በመልሳችሁ ላይ 100% እርግጠኛ ሆናችሁ መመለስ እንድትችሉ ያደርጋል!

2. ምሳሌ (Application)

ውድ ተማሪዎች ከላይ እንደ ተገለፀው፣ 'Context+ Elimination Technique' የሚለውን የፈተና ቴክኒክ ተጠቅመን፣ ማንኛውንም የ'logical and analytical reasoning' ጥያቄ መመለስ ይቻላል!

• በዚህ ንዑስ ክፍል (ምሳሌ) እንዴት ይሄን የፈተና ቴክኒክ ተግባራዊ እንደ ምታደርጉ አሳያችኋለሁ!
• በጥንቃቄ አንብቡት፤ ወደ ፊትም ተጠቀሙበት!

Q. Which two statements prove that "Senait is a child"? (G-12: Entrance: 2012)

A. Senait lives with her parents. 

B. Senait is the little sister of Bekele.

C. Bekele has just turned 13.

D. Bekele is still in school. 

A. B and D                   B. B and C           

C. C and D                    D. A and C

ማብራሪያ-1

ውድ ተማሪዎች ይሄን ና ሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ጥያቄዎችን ከላይ የተጠቀሰውን የፈተና ቴክኒክ ('context + elimination technique) ተጠቅመን፣ በቀላሉ 100% እርግጠኛ ሆነን መመለስ እንችላለን! 

• የተሰጣችሁን 'Context' በትክክል/በጥንቃቄ ተረዱት (understand context)፤ በዛ ላይ ተመስርታችሁ፣ ሁሉንም መልስ ሊሆኑ የማይችሉትን ምርጫዎች አጥፉ (eliminate)! 
• መጨረሻ ላይ 100% እርግጠኛ የምትሆኑበት ምርጫ ይቀራል!

አጭር ማብራሪያ (Brief Explanation)

Statements A ና D ብቻ እንደ ፍንጭ (clues) ተጠቅመን፣ ይሄን ና ሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ጥያቄዎችን በቀላል መንገድ መመለስ እንችላለን። 

• ጥያቄው የሚለው 'ሰናይት ህፃን መሆኗን የሚያሳዩት ሁለቱ አረፍተነገሮች (statements) የትኞቹ ናቸው?' 
• እያንዳዱን የተሰጡትን 4ቱን አረፍተነገሮች (statements A-D) እያዋቸው። 
• Statements A ና D 'invalid statements' ናቸው። ከጥያቄው ጋር አብሮ አይሄዱም። ከቤተሰብ/ወላጅ ጋር መኖር (statement A) ና ተማሪ መሆን (statement D) ህፃን መሆንን አያሳዩም። 
• በዚህ መሰረት እንዚህን አረፍተነገሮች (statements A ና D) የያዙትን ምርጫዎች ሁሉንም አጥፏቸው። 
• ከC በስተቀር ሁሉም ይጠፋሉ!

መልሱ C

ዝርዝር ማብራሪያ (Detail Explanation)

ከላይ የተጠቀሰው ጥያቄ አረፍተነገርን/ 'statement'ን መሰረት ያደረገ (statement-based) ነው። 

• እንደ ምታዩት አራት አረፍተነገሮች (statements A-D) ተሰጥተው፣ ከነዚህ ውስጥ 'ሰናይት ህፃን መሆኗን የሚያሳዩት ሁለቱ አረፍተነገሮች የትኞቹ ናቸው?' የሚል ነው የተጠየቃችሁት። 
• ይሄ (statement-based) የ'logical and analytical reasoning' ጥያቄዎች ከሚጠየቁባቸው መንገዶች ውስጥ አንድ ነው። 
• ምን ግዜም እንደዚህ አይነት ጥያቄዎች ስትጠየቁ መጀመሪያ እያንዳንዱን አረፍተነገር (statement) በጥንቃቄ አንብባችሁ፣
• የተሳሳተውን/የተሳሳቱትን አረፍተነገሮች (invalid statements) ለዩ (understanding context)። 
• የተሳሳቱትን አረፍተነገሮች (invalid statements) ማለት ከተሰጠው ጥያቄ ጋር አብሮ የማይሄድ ነው። 
• ከዚያ ወደ ምርጫዎቹ ሂዱ ና የተሳሳቱትን አረፍተነገሮች (invalid statements) የያዙትን ሁሉንም ምርጫዎች አጥፏቸው (eliminate)። 
• ወደዳችሁም፣ ጠላችሁም፣ ትክክለኛው መልስ ብቻ ይቀራል: "100% እርግጠኛ የምትሆኑበት መልስ ብቻ ይቀራል"! 

ለምሳሌ 'statements A ና D invalid' ናቸው (see statements A ና D)። አሁን ወደ ምርጫዎቹ ሂዱ ና እነዚህን ሁለቱን አረፍተነገሮች (invalid statements: A&D) የያዙትን፣ ሁሉንም ምርጫዎች አጥፏቸው (eliminate)። 

• ምክንያቱም ከቤተሰብ ጋር መኖር (see statements A) ና አሁንም ተማሪ መሆን (see statements D) 'ሰናይት ህፃን መሆኗን አያሳዩም'! 
• በዚህ መሰረት ከምርጫ B ውጪ ሁሉም ምርጫዎች ይጠፋሉ።
• መልሱ B ነው! 
• እዩ ምርጫ A ና C 'statement D'ን ይዘዋል፤ 
• ምርጫ D 'statement A'ን ይዟል! 

A. B and D                   B. B and C           

C. C and D                    D. A and C

መልሱ B

Q. Which two statements prove that Eleni is a doctor? (G-12: Entrance: 2012)

A. Eleni loves people.

B. Eleni's father is teacher.

C. Eleni's brother is a doctor.

D. Eleni has the same job as her brother.

A. B and C        B. A and C     C. C and D    D. A and D

ማብራሪያ-2

ውድ ተማሪዎች ይሄም ጥያቄ ካለፈው ጥያቄ ጋር ተመሳሳይ ነው። 4 statements ተሰጥቶ፣ 'እሌኒ ዶክተር መሆኗን የሚያሳዩት የተኞቹ ናቸው?' የሚል ነው ጥያቄው። 

እያንዳንዱን አረፍተነግር (statement) እዩዋቸው። 

• አረፍተነግር A ና B (statements A & B) ብቻ እንደ 'clue' ተጠቅመን፣ ይሄን ና ሌሎች መሰል ጥያቄዎችን 100% እርግጠኛ ሆነን መመለስ እንችላለን! 
• አረፍተነግር A ና B 'invalid ናቸው፤ ምክንያቱም ሰዎችን መውደድ ና አባት መምህር መሆን 'እሌኒ ዶክተር መሆኗን አያሳዩም'! 
• ስለዚህ ምርጫ A, B ና D ይጠፋሉ (eliminate)። 
• ምርጫ A (B and C) statement B'ን ይዟል፤ 
• ምርጫ B (A and C) statement A'ን ይዟል፤ 
• ምርጫ D (A and D) statement A'ን ይዟል!

መልስ C

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Entrance-1

Entrance-2

Entrance-3