Each, every, no, none, any, both ... and also, not only ... but also, neither/neither... nor, either/either... or : Smart Note-2: Quantifiers (English Smart Note) with Grade 12 University Entrance Exam Questions (Quantifiers: Smart Note-2)


Quantifiers (English): Smart Note-2: Each, every, all, whole, no, none, both, not only ... but also, neither... nor, either... or 
By Million Abebe (Masters in English and B. Ed. Degree in Pedagogy)


Overview
This smart note (Smart Note-2) has 5 sections with various sub-sections: 
1. Each, every, all and whole 
2. No, none and (any, not, non-...)
3. Both, not only ... but also, neither... nor, either... or
4. Smart Summaries
5. Exam Tips:
Each section has various sub-sections.
====//======
1. Each, Every, All and Whole
This section (section-1 of smart note-2) contains 4 sub-sections with various key point (more 15 key point about 'each, every, all and whole'); see the next smart overview!

1.1. Each and Every: Uses, Forms and Examples
A. Uses:
  • Both each and every are used for positive idea. 
  • Both could be used interchangeably but with meaning difference.
    • Each is used to refer the quantity/group one by one/individually.
    • Every is used to refer the quantity/group generally/totally/all. 
B. Forms:
  • Both each and every are followed by singular nouns.
  • They are not followed by plural nouns or uncountable nouns.
  • Both are followed by singular verb if verb is needed.
  • Common Forms:
    • Each/every + singular CN
    • Each/every + singular CN + singular verb 
Examples: 
  • Every chair in this room has been occupied. (all)
  • The school has 10 computers. Each computer has internet connection. (individually)
  • Every book in our library is outdated. (books are seen generally.) 
  • In football game, there are 11 players. Each player wears uniform that has its own number. (The players are seen one by one.)

1.2. All: Uses, Forms and Examples

A. Uses:
  • It is used to refer/show/see the quantities in particular place generally/as total or full/complete.
B. Forms:
  • All could be followed by singular noun/plural nouns/ uncountable nouns and with positive/negative idea.
  • Common Forms:
 all + CN (PN): generally/as totally 
 all + CN (SN): full/complete
 all + UCN: full/complete
Examples:
  • There are question marks on all pages of this exam. (generally/totally) 
  • Nowadays, all countries in the world have put a lot of coronavirus restrictions on people's movements. (generally/totally) 
  • Coronavirus restrictions have been put on people's movements in all over the world. (full/complete)

1.3. Whole: Uses, Forms and Examples

A. Uses:
  • It is used for positive/negative idea to say full/  complete or to refer/show/see the quantities in particular place. 
B. Form: 
  • Whole could be followed by singular noun/uncountable nouns.
  • ‘Whole’ may or may not be preceded by ‘the’.
  • Common Forms: 
    • whole + singular CN 
    • whole + UCN
Examples:
  • Now, the whole class is talking; no one is listening.
  • The rain has made the whole sugar useless.
  • You are not telling us the whole story.
1.4. Special Attention Areas: Every, All, Whole
Please, give special attention to the next two confusing areas:
  • Every and all
  • All and whole

A. Every vs All: to talk about total/general
Both 'every' and 'all' could be used to talk about total/general but they have clear difference. 
  • 'every' is used with singular CN.
  • 'all' is used with plural CN. 
    • all + CN (PN): 
    • every + CN (SN):
Examples:
  • Every student in this school should obey to the school rules and put them into action.
  • All students in this school should obey to the school rules and put them into action.
B. All vs Whole: 
One of the main difference between 'all' and 'whole' is that 'all' is used to talk about 'general/total'. In this case, 'all' is followed by plural nouns.
Whereas when we want to talk about 'full/complete', both 'whole' and 'all' are used. In this case, both have the same forms (as mentioned above).
Forms: 
 all + UCN
 all + CN (SN):
 whole + SN
 whole + UCN
Examples:
  • While I was in university, I spent all days in library. 
  • While I was in university, I spent whole day in library.
  • While I was in university, I spent whole day in library.
  • The whole book, written by Million, talks about study techniques.
  • All the books, written by Million, talk about study techniques.
  • The whole milk in the bottle has been spilled out.
2. No, None, (Any, Not and Non-)
This section contains 3 sub-sections with various key point (more 15 key point about 'No, None, Any and not, non-); see the next smart overview!
 
2.1. Basic Concepts 
First, let's see the next 2 basic issues:
A. Negative with 'no', 'none', 'any', 'not' and 'non-': 
The words 'no', 'none', 'any', 'not' and also the prefixe 'non-' have something in common: they are used to express negative ideas but they have different rules/forms; see the next explanations carefully!
  • 'No' is determiner/adjective; it must be followed by noun.
  • 'None' is pronoun; it is not used with noun
  • 'No' and 'none' are negative by themselves; they are used without negative words.  
  • 'Any' is used with negative words because it is not negative by itself!
  • 'Not' is adverb (it is not quantifier); it is used with auxiliary verbs.
  • 'Non-' is prefix (it is not quantifier); it is added on noun (before).
Examples:
  • We have made a lot of discussions with Egypt concerning GRED water filling. But we have not seen any positive responses from Egyptian side.
  • We don't have any information when coronavirus pandemic ends and schools open.
  • Egypt Government questions concerning GRED water filling are non-stop.
  • Egypt Government questions concerning GRED water filling have not yet stopped; they always come up with new questions.
B. 'No' in quantifiers and 'yes' or 'no' question
In quantifiers, the word 'no' is different from the one that we use in 'yes' or 'no' question or the opposite to 'yes' to show disagreement!
  • In quantifiers, the word 'no' is used as determiner/ adjective to show quantity or amount of things. 
  • In 'yes' or 'no' question, the word 'no' is not followed by noun (unless we are talking about quantity or amount of things)!
  • When the word 'no' is used as quantifier, it must be followed by noun!
Examples:
  • Do you know the difference between 'no' and 'none'? No, I don't know. ('No' in 'yes' or 'no' question)
  • There is no student in the class now. ('No' in quantifiers)
2.2. No: Uses, Forms and Examples
A. Uses: 
  • No is used to show negative ideas.
  • It is used without negative words and also nouns as it is negative by itself.
  • It is adjective; it is used with nouns.
B. Forms:
  • As it is adjective/determiner, it must be followed by noun.
  •  'No' could be followed by both CN (singular/ plural) and UCN. 
  • Common Forms: 
    • No + singular CN (countable noun)
    • No + plural CN 
    • No + UCN (uncountable noun)
Examples:
  • She has no money to by computer. 
  • No student is in the class. 
  • The teacher said, ‘’ This is examination room. No calculator, no mobile, no cheating!’’ 
  • There are no points upon which we have reached agreement with Egypt concerning GRED water filling.
  • We have made a lot of discussions with Egypt concerning GRED water filling. But we have seen no positive responses from Egyptian side.
2.3. None: Uses, Forms and Examples
A. Use:
  • None means not even one person or thing.
  • It is used to show negative ideas.
  • It is used without negative words as it is negative by itself.
  • It can be used by its own without noun as subject/object of a sentence or with 'of'.
B. Forms:
  • As it is pronuon, 'none' is used without noun: it is not followed by noun.
  • Common Forms:
    • As subject: 'None' + verb (singular/plural verb)
    • As object: verb + 'none' 
    • With 'of': none + of + plural noun/plural pronoun 
Examples:
  • A lot of attempts have been made to find medicine for coronavirus but none seems successful. (as subject)
  • All the students have left the class; none is in the class. (as subject)
  • Although Tigist has four children, none is in Ethiopia.
  • Today the director wants talk with all of the students of the school. But, none of them has come. (with 'of')
  • We have made a lot of discussions with Egypt concerning GRED water filling. But none of them were effective. 
  • We have made a lot of discussions with Egypt concerning GRED water fill. But we have reached agreement on none of them. 
3. Both, both ... and, not only ... but also, neither/ neither... nor, either/either... or
3. 1. 'Both', 'both ... and', 'both ... and also', 'not only ... but also' 
A. Uses:
  • The above expressions are used to join two things or two groups of things.
  • They can be used for positive or negative ideas. 
  • To express negative ideas, 'they' must be used with negative verb/negative word. 
B. Forms:
  • both + noun/noun phrase (plural)
  • both + of + plural pronoun (noun)
  • both + noun/noun phrase + 'and' + noun/noun phrase
  • both + noun/noun phrase + 'and also' + noun/noun phrase
  • not only + noun/noun phrase + 'but also' + noun/noun phrase
C. Attention Please!
Please, give special attention to the next 3 issues while using or you are asked questions related to the above mentioned expressions!
I. Nature of nouns to be used: 
  • The noun/noun phrase/pronoun with 'both' must be plural.
  • The noun/noun phrase with 'both ... and'/'both ... and also'/'not only ... but also' can be CN (plural/singular) or UNC!
II. Nature of verbs to be used: 
  • If verb is needed with the structures of 'both', it must be plural verb.
  • If verb is needed with 'both ... and'/'both ... and also' structures, the verb must be plural verb whatever the noun/noun phrase could be: CN (plural/singular) or UNC!
  • If verb is needed with ''not only ... but also" structure, the verb can be singular/plural verb: it depends on the last noun. 
    • We use singular verb if the second noun is singular noun or UNC.
    • We use plural verb if the second noun is plural noun.
III. Words going together: 
  • The word 'both' can be used alone or it can go with 'and' or with 'and also'.
  • The phrase 'not only' is used with the phrase 'but also'!
Examples:
  • Trump and Putin are among the most influential leaders globally; both leaders are working together. I appreciate both of them. 
  • Trump and Putin are among the most influential leaders globally; but both leaders are not working with African leaders.
  • Both Trump and Putin are among the most influential leaders globally.
  • Both water and clean air are available in Ethiopia.
  • Not only Trump and but also Putin is among the most influential leaders globally.
  • Not only the teacher but also the students are not in the class.
3.2. Neither/neither... nor, either/either... or
A. Uses: 
  • 'Neither' is used for negative ideas without negative verbs/words to refer two things.
  • 'Neither' could be used only by itself or with 'nor' or other negative verbs like 'not'! 
  • 'Either' is used to show alternatives/options; in addition.
    • 'It' is used for positive ideas.
    • 'It' could also be used for negative but it must be used with negative verbs/words.
    • 'Either' could be used only by itself or with 'or'.
B. Forms:
  • Neither + noun/noun phrase/verb/clause... 
  • Neither + of + plural pronoun/noun
  • Neither + of + which 
  • Neither + noun/noun phrase/verb/clause + nor + noun/noun phrase/verb/clause 
  • Either + of + plural pronoun/noun 
  • Either + of + which 
  • Either + noun/noun phrase/clause + or + noun/noun phrase/clause 
Examples:
  • She neither speaks nor writes in Arabic. This means, she can't speak and write in Arabic. 
  • She can live either in US or in Ethiopia because she has dual citizenships. 
  • She can live neither in US nor in Ethiopia because she doesn't both citizenships. 
  • Neither question is correct: both are wrong.
  • Neither my mother nor my father knows the exact place where I live.
  • Neither of them knows the exact place where I live.
4. Smart Summaries
Dear students, in this section, the above mentioned topics are briefly summarized under 3 smart summaries:
4.1. Smart Summary-1: Each, every, all & whole 









4.2. Smart Summary-2: No, none and (any, not...)

4.3. Smart Summary-3: Both, not only ... but also, neither... nor, either... or
5. Exam Tips: Exam techniques, Questions & Explanations

Attention!
In most of our smart notes, 'exam tips' section is given at the end to show students how they could be asked and also how to answer questions! The section presents 3 things (samples): 
  • Sample exam techniques 
  • Sample questions (Grade 12 Entrance) 
  • Sample explanations with brief rules
In this smart note (smart note-2), 7 different types of quantifiers have been covered: every, each, all, whole, no, none and any!
Make sure that you have clearly understood all the key points in each of these 7 quantifiers (for quick revision, see smart notes 1 and 2, above)! 

1. Exam Techniques: Context + Elimination
Dear students, you could answer generally, any quantifiers question; specifically, questions related to the above 7 types of quantifiers (covered: every, each, all, whole, no, none and any) using 'Context + Elimination Techniques'!
Read the next brief summary of the techniques!

2. Sample Questions (Grade 12 Entrance) 
The next questions are generally, about quantifiers question; specifically, about the above 7 types of quantifiers (covered: every, each, all, whole, no, none and any)!
Answer them by applying the above mentioned exam techniques: 'Context + Elimination Techniques'!
1. When the king comes to visit, they allow ___________ beggar on the streets of the city. They want to appear as if they don't have one. (G-12: Entrance: 2007)
    A. no         
    B. all      
    C. none     
    D. every
2. The purchasers should be accountable for what had happened. _____ piece is faulty. (G-12: Entrance: 2008)
    A. All         
    B. Neither       
    C. Both      
    D. Every
3. _______ are so fallible as those who are sure they are always right. (G-12: Entrance: 2009)
    A. Many 
    B. None 
    C. Some 
    D. Several 
4. Everyone knew about the change in the exam schedule, but _______ of them told me about it. (G-12: Entrance: 2010)
   A. none 
   B. few 
   C. some 
   D. any 
5. I have read ______ books on how to make life peaceful with a partner and have found them very useful. (G-12: Entrance: 2015: Social)
   A. no  
  B. much  
  C. some  
  D. any 
xxxx
3. Sample Explanations with Brief Rules
Read the next sample explanations carefully so that you will be able to see how to apply the above mentioned exam techniques!
The explanations are given for the above 5 sample questions (Grade 12 Entrance)!

Q.1. When the king comes to visit, they allow ___________ beggar on the streets of the city. They want to appear as if they don't have one. (G-12: Entrance: 2007)
    A. no         
    B. all      
    C. none     
    D. every
Explanation-1
The above question and other related questions (any question about quantifiers) could be answered using 'context + elimination techniques', 100% sure! This means, by understanding context (meaning: negative or positive and nature of noun: CN or UNC); then, eliminating unrelated choices!

Whenever you are asked question about quantifiers, the first thing to be done is making sure whether the given idea is positive or negative!
So, look the above question and make sure whether the given idea is positive or negative!
  • The above question is about negative; they (the leaders of the city) don't want to see beggars on the streets of the city because the king comes to visit the city. 
  • Using this as clue, eliminate choices B and D; 'all' and 'every' are normally used for positive ideas. 
    • If two choices are eliminated, your probability of getting increases from 25% to 50%!
  • You are left with choices A and C but both 'no' and 'none' could be used for negative ideas. 
  • Whenever you are given two and more than two quantifiers on different choices, look carefully the meaning or the given quantity. 
  • To choose or to eliminate one of the above choices A and C, look how 'no' and 'none' are used; both are used for negative ideas.
    • 'No' is adjective; it is used before noun or after linking verbs.
    • 'None' is pronoun; it is used without noun as subject/object/before 'of + plural noun' (see brief rules below)!
  • Look the above question; the given blank space is followed by noun 'beggars'. 
    • 'None' is not used with noun!
    • Eliminate choice C!
    • 100% sure choices B, C & D are wrong!
    • If we are 100% sure that 3 choices are wrong, we can be 100% sure that the rest is correct answer! 
Ans. A 
Brief Rules: No, None and Any
Q. The purchasers should be accountable for what had happened. _____ piece is faulty. (G-12: Entrance: 2008)
      A. All         B. Neither       C. Both      D. Every
Explanation-2
You could answer the above question and other related questions using the given blank space as clue! 
  • Look the above blank space is followed by singular noun 'piece' and also singular verb 'is' (clue: 'piece' is countable noun.). 
  • Based on these, choices A and C must be eliminated because 'all' and 'both' are used with 'plural noun'.
  • 'Neither' could be used with both 'countable noun' and 'uncountable noun'; for 'negative idea'.
  • Look the meaning: it is 'positive'; the problem was happened 'the purchased materials have problem' (clue: see 'faulty').
Ans. D
Brief Rules: Every and Each

Q. _______ are so fallible as those who are sure they are always right. (G-12: Entrance: 2009)
  A. Many     B. None    C. Some    D. Several 
Explanation-3
Let's see how to answer this question using 'context + elimination techniques': understanding context (meaning: negative or positive and nature of noun: CN or UNC); then, eliminating unrelated choices!
  • Look the above question is negative. Because saying "I am sure I am always right" is negative; it is not acceptable; the writer believes people with such type of belief are fallible (making mistake) people. 
  • Based on this (negative), choices C and D must be eliminated because 'some' and 'several' are used with positive ideas. 
  • Now, you are left with choices A and B, but both 'many' and 'none' could be used for negative ideas. 
  • To eliminate or choose one of them, look the meaning/quantity!
    • 'Many' is used before noun (countable noun: plural nouns); it must be followed by countable plural nouns. 
    • Look the given blank space is followed by verb , not by countable plural nouns. As a result, choice A should be eliminated. 
Ans. B
Q. Everyone knew about the change in the exam schedule, but _______ of them told me about it. (G-12: Entrance: 2010)
  A. none     B. few    C. some    D. any 
Explanation-4
The above question is negative because 'but' is used to show contrasting ideas. 
This means, everyone knew about the change in the exam schedule but they didn't tell him/her about it. 
  • Based on this and also using 'of + plural noun' (after blank space) as clue, choices B C & D are wrong: they must be eliminated.
    • Choice D is wrong; it is grammatically wrong (clue: 'any' is not used with 'of': 'any + of + plural noun' is ungrammatical!). 
    • Choices B and C should also be eliminated; they are grammatically correct but contextually wrong. 
    • 'Few' and 'some' could be used with 'of':  'few/some + of + plural noun' is grammatically correct but contextually meaningless. 
    • For example, if we use 'few/some' in the given blank space ('... few/some of them told me...'), the speaker is told about the change, no need of using 'but'! 
Ans. A
Q. I have read ______ books on how to make life peaceful with a partner and have found them very useful. (G-12: Entrance: 2015: Social)
A. no     B. much     C. some    D. any 
Explanation-5
This question is positive because look, for example, the clause '... have found them very useful.'.
This implies that the speaker has read books and got something positive. 
  • Using this as a clue, choices A and B must be eliminated ('no' and 'much' are used for negative ideas.). 
  • Both 'some' and 'any' are grammatically correct because they could be used for positive ideas.
  • But choice D should be eliminated; it is contextually wrong because 'any' is used for positive idea to say 'it doesn't matter'. In the above question, the context doesn't talk about this.
Ans. C
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