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Welcome to Yes Smart Education >> Smart Notes
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By Million Abebe (Masters in English and B. Ed. Degree in Pedagogy)
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Brief Overview
This smart note presents two adverbial clauses:
☞ Purpose clauses☞ Contrasting clauses
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1. Purpose Clauses
A. Basic Concepts: Use and Expressions
- Uses: Purpose clauses are used when there is action with future reason/ action with expectation (expected result)!
- Expressions: the most common purpose clauses expressions include 'to, in order to, so as to, so that, in order that, in case, lest, for...'!
B. Forms: Common Forms in Purpose Clauses
Examples:
- I am reading this material to/ in order to/ so as to know more about adverbial clauses.
- I am reading this material in order that/so that I could know more about adverbial clauses.
- You should take additional money in case/lest you need more money while marketing.
- I am planning to go to Mekele for vacation!
C. Special Attention Areas-1
Negative purpose clause is used when someone does something to avoid or prevent something from happening. See the next four common ways:
1. Using 'so as + not + to'/'in order + not + to' + verb1:
Examples:
- Messi is running fast to school so as not to/in order not to be late again.
- This means, Messi does this to avoid being late comer.
- Firaol has covered all the topics so as not to/in order not to miss any question.
- This means, Firaol has done this to avoid missing question.
2. Using 'in case/lest/for fear that + clause': Examples:
- Hangatu and Debebe shared their phone number before entering the meeting hall in case/lest/for fear that they miss each when meeting ended.
- I took additional money with me in case/lest I need additional money while I was in supper market.
3. Using 'so that + negative clause':
Examples:
- Messi is running fast to school so that he will not be late again.
- This means, Messi does this to avoid being late comer.
- Firaol has covered all the topics so that he will not miss any question.
- This means, Firaol has done this to avoid missing question.
4. Using terms like 'to avoid'/to prevent':
Examples:
- Million is practing various exam questions to avoid/to prevent the mistakes he committes while taking exam.
- She doesn't take more money in her pocket to avoid/to prevent unnecessary money wastage.
Note!
- 'not + to + verb1' and 'in order that + negative clause' are less formal!
- 'In case' is common in UK English; 'lest' is common in US English!
D. Special Attention Areas-2: Confusion with "in case, in case of, for..."
Dear students, the next 3 issues ("in case, in case of and for in purpose clause") need special attention; give more attention!
1. "In case" vs "In case of"
You have to be very careful concerning "in case" and "in case of"!
- They are completely different expressions, in their "purposes" and "forms"!
- "In case" is used to say "for fear that".
- "In case of" is used to say "if this/that/something happens"!
- "In case":
- is used for "purpose clause"
- form: "in case" + clause.
- "In case of":
- is used for "result clause":
- form: "in case of" + noun/noun phrase/gerund.
- "In case" is used to say "for fear that".
- "In case of" is used to say "if this/that/something happens"!
Examples:
- In case of confusion on concerning this issue, you can ask me for help.
- I have taken my coat in case it will be cold.
2. "For" in purpose clause
For could be used for purpose clause but it has different forms/structures:
- for + noun/noun phrase/gerund
- for fear that + clause
- for fear of + noun/noun phrase/gerund
Examples:
- For could be used "for" purpose clause. (See this rule by itself good example!)
- She went to China "for vacation/for higher education".
- Obama has decided to study alone at his home "for fear of disturbance".
- Obama has decided to study alone at his home "for fear that he might be disturbed by his friends".
2. Contrasting Clauses
A. Basic Concepts: Use and Expressions
- Use: As the name indicates, contrasting clause is used to express contradicting/contrasting ideas.
- Expressions: the most common contrasting clauses expressions include 'despite, in spite of, although, even though, though, no matter, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, no matter how...'!
B. Forms: Common Forms in Contrasting Clauses
Examples:
- In spite of/despite her hard work, she is still poor.
- Although/in spite of the fact that she is hard worker, she is still poor.
- She is hard worker but she is still poor.
- No matter how/however hard she works, she is still poor.
C. Special Attention Areas: Contrasting Ideas with Even, Even so, Even if...
Dear students, "even, even so and even if" are very confusing expressions that need special attention!
"Even, even so and even if" are used to make more emphasis/for more surprising/unexpected contrasting ideas.
- "Even" is used to give extreme example for something.
- "Even so and even if" are for more surprising/unexpected contrasting ideas but they have different structures/forms.
- "Even so" + result
- "Even if" + cause
Examples:
- Hailu is very rich but he doesn't help anyone even his mother/ father/brothers... (extreme example)
- John is grade 10 student but he can't write properly even his name. (extreme example)
- Last year, Grade Entrance Exam was extremely difficult; 'even so', Tinbite scored more than 600.
- Last year, Tinbite scored more than 600 on Grade Entrance Exam; 'even if', it was extremely difficult.
"Even now/then" is used to express something that contrast (for more emphasis, more surprising contradictions) to what has/had happened.
Examples:
- Beletu has failed the competition for more than 20 times; "even now", she is planning to participate on the coming competition.
- Hiliary had seen her husband cheating with other women many times by her own eyes; even then, she loves him and forgives him.
Note
- "Even then" is used for past event.
- "Even now" is used for current events.
- "Although" could be used in such context but "even now/then" is more preferable.
In addition, "although" and "even now/then" have structural difference:
- "although + dependent clause (first action/idea)
- "even now/then + independent clause (second action/idea)
Example:
Although Hiliary had seen her husband cheating with other women many times by her own eyes, she loves him and forgives him.
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Links: All Related Links Only Adverbial Clauses
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