[Adverbial Note-1] Reason and Result Clauses: Adverbial Clauses (English): Smart Note-1: with Grade 12 Entrance Exam Questions, Explanations and Exam Techniques

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Welcome to Yes Smart Education >> Smart Note-1
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By Million Abebe (Masters in English and B. Ed. Degree in Pedagogy)
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General Overview: 3 Issues must be read!

As it is mentioned on the title (above), this smart note deals with 'reason and result clauses' but before directly starting these there are 3 general issues that must be known:
1. Focus Areas: 2 Categories 
  • 'Adverbial clauses' are among the focus areas of English Exams (Grade 12 Entrance, Classes, Model...)! 
  • Study and get deep understanding of each of the next topics to succeed on your exam!
  • See Smart Overview-1: Focus Areas (next)!
2. Smart Materials: 5 Materials 
  • I have prepared for you the next 5 smart materials!
  • Read each of them to get complete understanding on "adverbial clauses and Related issues'!
  • The links of each of these 5 smart materials are given at end!
  • See Smart Overview-2 (next)!
3. Sections: 3 Sections 
This material (Smart Note-1) contains the next 3 section
  1. Reason Clauses
  2. Result Clauses
  3. Reason Clauses vs Result Clauses
Attention Please 
  • Main purpose:  The main purpose of adverbial clauses/other transitional words is to join or connect different ideas/actions... to construct meaningful sentence or paragraph!
  • Expressions and Rules: 
    • There are a lot of connectors/expressions that are used to join or connect different ideas/actions!
    • There are a lot of rules that govern these: how each of these connectors/expressions should be used!

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1. Reason Clauses
A. Basic Concepts: Use and Expressions
  • Uses: Reason clauses are used to used to express 'cause' and 'effect'.
  • Expressions: The most common reason clauses expressions include 'due to, owning to, because of, because, as, since, due to the fact that, because of the fact that...'
B. Forms: Common Forms in Reason Clauses
There are 3 common categories of forms based on types of expressions (to make them simple, I categorized as follows): 
  • 'Due to category' + phrase  
  • 'Because category' + clause 
  • 'For category' + phrase/clause 
C. Positions of Expressions : 3 issues 
See the next 3 issues:
  • Two common positions: There are two common positions of the above reason clauses expressions: they could be used:
    • at the beginning 
    • in the middle of a sentence.
  • Both positions + 'cause': In both positions (at the beginning or in the middle), these expressions must be followed by phrase/clause of 'cause'!
  • Use of Comma: 
    • If these expressions are used at the beginning, we use comma to separate the 'cause' and the 'effect'/result (writing)! 
      • See examples 1 and 3 (below)!
    • If these expressions are used in the middle, we don't use comma to separate the 'cause' and the 'effect'/result (writing)! 
      • See examples 2 and 4 (below)!
Examples (of reason clauses): 
  1. Last year, due to/because of the difficulty of the exam, many students failed Grade 12 Entrance Exam. (Cause comes first!)
  2. Last year, many students failed Grade 12 Entrance Exam due to/because of the difficulty of the exam.
  3. Last year, as/since Grade 12 Entrance Exam was extremely difficult, many students failed the Exam. (Cause comes first!)
  4. Last year, many students failed Grade 12 Entrance Exam because/ as/since the exam was extremely difficult.
  5. Obama was punished for his mistake. (for + phrase)
  6. Obama was punished for what he did wrong. (for + clause)
D. Special Attention Area in Reason Clauses 
Dear students:
  • Two or more expressions: sometimes, two or more reason clause expressions could be give on different choices under a single question (in reason clause questions)!
  • Blank space techniques: In this case, to choose one of them, use blank space techniques. Look the ideas after the given 'blank space' carefully; use them as a clue; then, eliminate unrelated choices.
    • blank space + "clause", eliminate 'due to group/category'
    • blank space + "phrase", eliminate 'because group/category'
Please, use these techniques, whenever you are asked this type of question!
Note: 
  • 'due to group': because of, due to, owning to... 
  • 'because group': since, because, as, due to the fact that...
Sample Grade 12 Entrance Questions 
Q. _____________ it rained heavily, we had to cancel our trip. The road was too muddy. (G-12: Entrance: 2007)
A. Since 
B. However 
C. As a result          
D. Because of
Ans. A
Clues: blank space + clause of cause (rain)!
Additional Explanation 
The question is about cause and effect (clues: 'heavily rained', 'trip was cancelled').
  • Choices B, C and D are wrong; 100% sure, they should be eliminated.
    • B. However: 'However' is used for contrasting clause, not for 'cause' and 'effect'!
    • C. As a result: The blank space is followed by clause of cause, not by the clause of effect. For more, read 'special attention areas' under 'result clauses'!
    • D. Because of: The blank space is followed by clause of cause, not by phrase.
Q. _____________ heavy rain, we had to cancel our trip. The road was too muddy. (Modified)
A. Since                    
B. However  
C. As a result            
D. Because of
Ans. D (WHY?)
2. Result Clauses 
A. Basic Concepts: Use and Expressions
  • Uses: Result clause is used to express 'cause' and 'effect'; result comes after result expressions.
  • Expressions: The most common result clauses expressions include 'as a result, therefore, consequently, so, hence, thus, so ... that, such ... that, too ... to, enough to...'!
B. Forms: Common Forms in Result Clauses


C. Positions of Expressions  
In result clauses, 'as a result, therefore, consequently, so, hence, thus, so ...' could be used either in the middle or at the beginning of a sentence.
  • Based on their positions, there are some common punctuations and capitalization rules changes!
    • If they are used in the middle, they are preceded by semicolon, they begin with small letter and are followed by comma.
      • See examples 1 (below)!
    • If they are used at the beginning of a sentence, they begin with capital letter and are followed by comma.
      • See examples 2 (below)!
Examples (of result clauses):
  1. The exam was extremely difficult; as a result/consequently/for this reason / thus/hence/so, many students failed.
  2. The exam was extremely difficult. As a result/Consequently/For this reason/Thus/Hence/So, many students failed.
  3. The exam was so difficult that many students failed.
  4. The exam was such a difficult exam that many students failed.
  5. The exam was too difficult to pass.
  6. The exam was easy enough to pass.
D. Special Attention Areas in Result Clauses 
Dear students, special attention to the next 2 areas/issues!
I. So... that' with noun
'So... that' could be used with adjective (quantifiers) and noun.
  • Form: so + quantifiers + noun + that
Examples:
  • I have so little sugar/oil that I have to buy additional sugar/oil.
  • I have so much sugar/many eggs that I don't need to buy additional sugar/eggs.
II. 'Too and enough' in result clauses
'Too ... to' and 'enough to' structures could be used in result clauses!
1. 'Too ... to' structure is used for negative idea: 
  • It is used to say "... difficult/impossible/can't be done/can't do...!".
  • But it doesn't mean that the statement is necessarily mentioned by negative words/verbs (such as not, none...).
  • The statement is expressed in positive structure.
Examples:
  • Ayana is too young to participate on marathon. (Ayana can't participate on marathon due to his age: under aged).
  • Ayana is too old to participate on marathon. (Ayana can't participate on marathon due to his age: over aged).
  • The tea is too hot to drink. (The tea can't be drunk/it is difficult to drink)
Note: Negative expressions (like not, no...) could be used with 'too... to' structure. In this case, the meaning is positive.
Examples:
  • Ayana is not too young to participate on marathon. (Ayana can participate on marathon.) 
  • The tea is not too hot to drink. (The tea can be drunk/it is not difficult to drink)
2. 'Enough... to' is used for positive idea.
  • It is used to say ''...possible/can be done/can do.''
  • It doesn't mean that 'enough... to' structure is used only with/for positive idea; it could be used with/for negative idea.
    • In this case, it is used to difficult/impossible/can't be done/can't do...!
Examples: 
  • Ayana is young enough to participate on marathon. (Ayana can participate on marathon.) 
  • The tea is hot enough to drink. (The tea can be drunk/it is not difficult to drink)
  • Ayana is not young enough to participate on marathon. (Ayana can't participate on marathon.) 
  • I am not matured enough to be manager of the company.
Attention: 'for' with 'too/enough'
When we use these words, the subjects in the main clause and the result clause may or may not be the same. 
  • If the subject is the same: 
    • too+ adjective /adverb + to + verb1
    • adj./adverb +enough + to +verb1
  • If the subject is different, “for” is used after “too” or “enough” structure, and followed by object.
    • too+ adjective /adverb +for + object + to +verb 1
    • adj./adverb +enough + for + object + to +verb1
Examples:
  • Bilise is too young to get married. (same subject)
  • The tea is too hot to drink. (the same subject)
  • The tea is hot enough to drink. (the same subject)
  • The tea is too hot for us to drink. (different subjects: tea and we)
  • The tea is hot enough for us to drink. (different subjects: tea and we)
3. Reason vs Result Clauses 
Dear students, reason clauses and result clauses have common characteristics; both could be used to express cause and effect!
This is one of the confusing areas that special attention: the other area that needs special attention is questions that deal with 'cause' and 'effect'!
  • 'Cause' and 'effect' need special attention, generally in 'adverbial clauses', specially, in questions related to 'adverbial clauses'. 
  • Because sometimes, 'cause' and 'effect' could be expressed by both reason and result expressions but they have "different forms"! 
  • Sometimes, you could be asked questions in which the given ideas have 'cause' and 'effect' relationship, and also both reason clause expressions and result clause expression are given on different choices, under a single question.
In this case, use the next rules (forms) and/or blank space techniques!
  • Forms/Rules:
    • reason expressions + cause/reason 
    • result expressions + effect/result
  • Examples:
    • Biden was sick yesterday; as a result, he was absent from school.
    • Biden was absent from school yesterday because he was sick.
  • Blank Space Techniques:  You could use blank space techniques: look the ideas after the given blank space.
    • If the given blank space is followed by "cause/reason", eliminate result expressions.
    • If the given blank space is followed by "effect/result", eliminate reason expressions.
      • blank space + "cause/reason", eliminate result expressions
      • blank space + "effect/result", eliminate reason expressions
Please, use these techniques, whenever you are asked this type of question ('cause' & 'effect', reason & result expressions on different choices)!

Sample Questions: Grade 12 Entrance Exam
Q. The crowd keep rallying every day and the scene gradually started turning violent _______ the people thought the government didn't take them seriously. Now, things reached a point where they are completely out of control. (G-12: Entrance: 2013)
A. consequently    
B. because of   
C. because              
D. as a consequence of
Explanation
Look the above question; the given sentences express cause and effect. 
  • 'Cause': people thought that government didn't give them attention 
  • 'Effect': they make rallying/protest every day.
  • The blank space is followed by clause of cause.
Again, look the choices; both reason clause expressions and also result clause expressions are given.
A. consequently: result clause expression 
B. because of: reason clause expression 
C. because: reason clause expression 
D. as a consequence of: reason clause expression
Using blank space techniques, choices A, B and D are wrong; they must be eliminated.
  • A. 'consequently': is followed by clause of effect but the above blank space is followed by clause of cause (people thought...), not by effect!
  • B. 'because of': is followed by phrase of cause but the above blank space is followed by 'clause', not by phrase.            
  • D. 'as a consequence of': is used to express cause/reason; it is followed by phrase of cause but the above blank space is followed by 'clause', not by phrase.
  • 100% sure that choices A, B and D are wrong; therefore, 100% sure that choice C must be correct answer!
Ans. C
Note:'As a result of' and 'as a consequence of'  
  • As a rule, 'as a result' and 'consequently' are used to express effect/result. 
  • But 'as a result of' and 'as a consequence of' are used to express reason/cause.
  • They are followed by phrase of cause!
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Links: All Related Links Only Adverbial Clauses
To get full understanding (Adverbial Clauses) that enable you to be successful on exam, read the next smart related materials!
Smart Notes
Answers for Grade 12 Entrance Exam 

















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