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Welcome to Yes Smart Education >> Smart Notes
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By Million Abebe (Masters in English and B. Ed. Degree in Pedagogy)
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Brief Overview
Dear students, this smart note is the third and the last smart note on adverbial clauses!
- Smart note-1: Reason and Result Clauses
- Smart note-2: Purpose and Contrasting Clauses
- Smart note-3: Relative Clauses and Others (this)
This material (Smart note-3) has the next two sections:
- Section-1: Relative Clauses
- Basic Concepts
- Uses of Relative Pronouns
- Types of Relative Clauses
- Special Attention Areas
- Exam Tip: Blank Space Techniques
- Section-2: Other Expressions/ Transitional Words
- Expressions for Contrasting Ideas
- Expressions for Comparison
- Expressions for Addition
- Exemplification/Illustration
- Expressions for order of events
- To Summarize/ Make Conclusion
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1. Relative Clauses
A. Basic Concepts
Relative clauses are formed from relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when...
- Most of the above relative pronouns could also be used as interrogative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, where, when...).
- In relative clauses, 'which' is used for things but not for people.
- But when "which" is used as interrogative pronoun, "which" can be used for both people and also things.
Examples:
- Which book do you want, the red or the blue book? ("which" as interrogative pronoun, for thing)
- Which Mohammed do you want to talk to, Mohammed Abdi or Mohammed Jemal? ("which" as interrogative pronoun, for people)
B. Uses Relative Pronouns in Relative Clause
C. Types of Relative Clauses
There are two types of relative clauses:
- Defining relative clause
- Non-nefining relative clause
Examples:
- The boy whose mobile phone was stolen last week in class is my brother.
- My mother, who is medical doctor, is very serious mom.
Note: When objective form relative pronouns are used, they could be used with prepositions (such as with, in, at, on....) in both defining relative clause and non-defining relative clause
- The student who had scored 650 on Grade 12 Entrance was rewarded yesterday.
- The relative clause "who had scored 650 on Grade 12 Entrance" gives essential information.
- If it is omitted, it is not clear which student was rewarded.
- The school in which I work is one of the best schools in Ethiopia.
- The relative clause "in which I work" gives basic/essential information.
- If this relative clause ("in which I work") is omitted, the sentence will be meaningless.
- The boy whose mobile phone was stolen last week in class is my brother.
- Doctor Jeylan who is my English teacher is very brilliant teacher I have ever seen.
- Doctor Jeylan is my English teacher whom I always appreciate in my whole life.
- The chair on which (that) you are sitting is not save; change it.
- The mobile phone which/that I had bought last week was stolen.
Examples: For Non-defining Relative Clause
- Addis Ababa, which is the capital city of Ethiopia, is beautiful city.
- It is known that there is only one capital city of Ethiopia; the clause "which is the capital city of Ethiopia" gives additional information.)
- My father, who is engineer, lives in Chiro Town.
- It is known that a person can have only biological gather; the clause "who is engineer" gives additional information.
Additional Examples
- My mother, who is medical doctor, is very serious mom.
- Ethiopia, which is found in Horn of Africa, has many historical sites.
- Dr Abiy, who is the current Ethiopian Prime Minister, has been awarded Nobel Praise.
- The man, whom we live with, is Sudanese.
- Abdisa, whose mother is engineer, is one of the top students in our class.
Using Blank Techniques
Dear students, using blank space techniques', you could answer relative clause question in one or two simple steps!
Look the idea before the given blank space and after it.
- The idea before the blank space could help you to know whether it is about "people or thing"!
- people + blank space, eliminate relative pronouns about thing
- thing + blank space, eliminate relative pronouns about people
- The idea after the blank space could help you to know whether the place needs "subject/object/possessive indicator".
- blank space + verb, use 'subject relative pronouns' (who/that/which), eliminate the rest
- blank space + possession, use 'possessive relative pronouns' (whose/of which), eliminate the rest
- blank space + subject, use 'object relative pronouns' (whom/that/which/who), eliminate the rest
Look the next questions!
Q. Have you heard that the police arrested Mr. Gwangu _____ was our school director? He may be involved in some corruption. (G-12: Entrance: 2013)
A. who B. that C. whom D. which
Ans. A (people + blank space verb: "Mr. Gwangu _____ was")
Q. Of all the stuff she bought yesterday, I like the books _____ she got from the library. I started reading one of them and the story is really thrilling. (G-12: Entrance: 2013)
A. those B. whom C. which D. whose
Ans. C (thing + blank space + subject: "the books _____ she")
2: Other Expressions/ Transitional Words
In this section, transitional words/expressions or connectors that are used to connect different ideas are briefly summarized, organized and presented!
See the next smart summary!
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Links: All Related Links Only Adverbial Clauses
To get full understanding (Adverbial Clauses) that enable you to be successful on exam, read the next smart related materials!
Explanations for G-12 Entrance
1. Explanations for Grade 12 Entrance: Adverbial Clauses Questions (English: Ethiopia) Part-1
2. Explanations for Grade 12 Entrance: Adverbial Clauses Questions (English: Ethiopia) Part-2
3. [Adverbial-3] Explanations for Grade 12 University Entrance Exam Questions about Adverbial Clauses(English) with Exam Techniques and Smart Notes (Part-3)
Answers for Grade 12 Entrance Exam